C. Borio, The ?nancial turmoil of the 2007-?: A preliminary assessment and some policy considerations, 2008.

M. M. Brunnermeier, Deciphering the Liquidity and Credit Crunch 2007???2008, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.23, issue.1, pp.77-100, 2007.
DOI : 10.1257/jep.23.1.77

D. W. Diamond, G. Raghumaram, and . Rajan, The Credit Crisis: Conjectures about Causes and Remedies, American Economic Review, vol.99, issue.2, pp.606-610, 2009.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.99.2.606

H. M. Markowitz, PORTFOLIO SELECTION*, The Journal of Finance, vol.7, issue.1, pp.77-91, 1952.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1952.tb01525.x

D. P. Morgan, Rating Banks: Risk and Uncertainty in an Opaque Industry, American Economic Review, vol.92, issue.4, pp.874-888, 2002.
DOI : 10.1257/00028280260344506

M. Spence, Job Market Signaling, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.87, issue.3, pp.355-374, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/1882010
URL : http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/3/355

M. Spence, Signaling in Retrospect and the Informational Structure of Markets, American Economic Review, vol.92, issue.3, pp.434-459, 2002.
DOI : 10.1257/00028280260136200

J. E. Stiglitz, Freefall. Free Markets and the Sinking of the Global Economy, 2010.

J. G. Riley, Competitive signalling, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.10, issue.2, pp.174-186, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0531(75)90049-6

J. Trichet, Ré ?exions sur les turbulences ?nancières, Intervention auprès de l'Institut Montaigne le 23, 2008.